Good and Bad Teachers Essay

I would like to say that I did have some bad teachers and some good ones. I would like to start with the good teachers I had in the past and the ones I have now. I had about 5 good teachers in the past that were very good to me and my class. Those teachers were good because they would give us parties every time the whole class gets an A. They would give us free time when we needed it, they would let us play bingo beside on the lesson we were having). I gave about 6 good teachers this year, well so far they are good to me and the class. Of course you are one of them although I only get to talk to you on Thursdays and Mondays, but because you let me do something’s over I would say that you are a good teacher, well online teacher, but let’s get back to school teachers the other 5 are good because they know when to give us tests and quizzes, but there is one in particular that is already planning a part for when we finish the part of a book were taking. The others are also good because the give us what we need and want. Now I will talk about the bad teachers. In the past I had 4 bad teachers, I am not that type of person that likes to point figures but here it goes, I think that they are bad because they give us too much work for our little hands to take care of and all day is work and work. They did not like it when we said something wrong they would put us outside of the class and if that did not work then they would literally tape on our mouth, but lucky me I never talked during that teacher’s period so that never happened put to me. This year I have 3 bad teachers, I think that they are bad because every time the WHOLE class fails that teacher blames it on the students and some of us tell that teacher that it is not our fault, if the whole class failed that means that, that teacher did not teach us very good or the test was not based on what teacher had thought us. I know that is not a nice thing to do to us as students. The other teachers they either just over do it with classwork and homework. I know what you are thing Ms. Harvard we need that work, and I could not agree more with you but these teachers just give us the unneeded things.

Bus Reservation System Essay

Traveling is a large growing business in Pakistan and other countries. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this proposal of reservation system. By using this software, we can reserve tickets from any part of the world, via internet. This project provides and checks all sorts of constraints so that user does give only useful data and thus validati on is done in an effective way. 2. INTRODUCTION Our project is to computerize traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transaction like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all bills also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. Our reservation system has three modules. First module helps the customer to enquire the availability of seats in a particular bus at particular date. Second module helps him to reserve a ticket. Using third module he can cancel a reserved ticket. 3. SYSTEM STUDY System study aims at establishing requests for the system to be acquired, development and installed. It involves studying and analyzing the ways of an organization currently processing the data to produce information. Analyzing the problem thoroughly forms the vital part of the system study. In system analysis, prevailing situation of problem is carefully examined by breaking them into sub problems. Problematic areas are identified and information is collected. Data gathering is essential to any analysis of requests. It is necessary that this analysis familiarizes the designer with objectives, activities and the function of the organization in which the system is to be implemented. 3.1. Study of existing system * Existing system is totally on book and thus a great amount of manual work has to be done. The amount of manual work increases exponentially with increase in bus services. * Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records. * In existing system, there are various problems like keeping records of items, seats available, prices of per/seat and fixing bill generation on each bill. * Finding out details regarding any information is very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books manually. * Major problem was the lack of security.

Analysis Of Factors Influencing Activities Of Bmw Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Factors Influencing Activities Of Bmw Marketing Essay This text is an analysis of factors influencing the activities of BMW in its efforts to enhance the participation in national and international markets. At the very beginning of the text, the link between profitability and competition is briefly outlined. The nest phase provides a brief insight into the background of the firm, followed by a brief insight into the Mintzberg’s and Whittington’s views on emergent school of strategy formation. The history of the BMW is scrutinised to identify an event which has presented the firm with the strategic paradoxes discussed by Mintzberg. The next chapter of the report consists of an analysis of the external environment with the aid of a PESTLE and Porter’s Diamond Framework and a look into the impact of home market condition on BMW’s international activities. The final chapters of the report outlines the key strategic decisions that BMW will have to take in the near future and the implementation issues related to t he decisions concern. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Organisational background 2 3.0 Scope 3 4.0 Strategy paradoxes in BMW’s history 3 5.0 External environment 5 6.0 Internal strengths and weaknesses 8 7.0 Key strategic decisions or recommendations 10 8.0 Implementation challenges 10 9.0 Conclusion 11 10.0 References 13 12.0 Appendices 14 Appendix A – BMW Group in Figures 14 List of Figures Figure 1: BMW Group Revenues by region 2 Figure 2: BMW Group Deliveries of automobiles by region and market 2 Figure 3: Oil price trend 5 Figure 4: Exchange rates compared to the Euro 6 Figure 5: BMW Group in figures 14 1.0 Introduction An organisation can increase upon its profitability either by locating an attractive industry or by establishing a distinct competitive advantage over its rivals. Over the years with increasing competition across all the industries, very few industries environments guarantee definitive secure returns. Establishing a competitive advantage, t hus, has become the primary goal of devising any strategy within an organisation. A successful organisation makes its balance sheet stronger by establishing and sustaining competitive advantage. The secret of sustaining competitive advantage in a firm lies in its expertise at keeping their competitors away from imitating successful strategies. The greater the difficulty that rivals face in analysing the resources and capabilities required in order to imitate the source of competitive advantage, the greater is the sustainability of the firm’s competitive advantage. Resources and capabilities, thus, are fundamental to a company’s strategy and decision-making. However, in an international context, a firm’s potential for competitive advantage not only lies in its resources and capabilities but also by the government under which it operates, the legal policies in those countries, exchange rates and a number of other factors. Thus, in order to decide whether an organi sation should participate more at national and international level necessitates a thorough analysis of two factors – (i) the industrial attractiveness of the overseas market and (ii) the firm’s capability of effectively transferring its resource and capabilities to the new location. While I put forward my arguments and analysis, I would like to follow a structured approach. I would first provide a brief organisational background followed by the scope of this report. Next, I would touch upon the organisational history and highlight couple of critical incidents to illustrate some of the strategy paradoxes by some of the leading commentators from the emergent school of thought. I would then perform an external environment analysis in order to identify the threats and opportunities in the industry followed by an internal analysis to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation. This would lead to the key success factors and finally I would come up with the ke y strategic decisions that the company need to take and the implementation challenges associated with it before concluding this report.

Sustainable Filmless Packaging and Alternate Packaging Solutions Essay

Sustainable Filmless Packaging and Alternate Packaging Solutions - Essay Example Aside from the simplified supply chain, the merging of the two technologies also lessened the productions costs through the printing of cartons in a single pass only. Carbon emissions are also lessened because of having just one printing press instead of two, and the transferring of the cartons from area to another is eliminated. And due to the new coating technology, the cartons can be printed on-demand, thus, eliminating long wait periods. The quality of the colors and metallic sheen are not put into risk because the new coating technology contains aluminum flakes that give of a bright shine for the toothpaste’s packaging. Added to that is the more sustainable attributes that the new coating has. The Packaging Digest Magazine has provided vast and quality information regarding the latest trends in sustainable packaging. The information regarding Aquafresh is the latest in sustainable packaging technology discussed in the online magazine and can be the technology to be followed. This technology is only a start of such sustainable packaging innovations and can be applied not only to cartons but hopefully to other packaging materials, as well. In the midst of the conventional packaging solutions prevalent in the markets today, alternative packaging solutions have been gaining recognition in sustainable packaging designs. Such solutions use biodegradable paper or discarded agricultural products that could easily be composted or reused. One example of such alternative packaging solutions is the carton used by Cargo Cosmetics in their lipsticks products. The carton is made of biodegradable paper embedded with real wildflower seeds.  

Opium Perfume Sophie Dahl Advertisment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Opium Perfume Sophie Dahl Advertisment - Essay Example In that quest for meaning we find the joy of the sensual body as an erotic vehicle for self-expression. The Sophie Dahl's advertisement for Yves Saint Laurent' s Opium perfume is an excellent example of Advertising as art. It follows the artistic tradition of Delacroix, Ingres and the Oriental nudes. Her provocative pose goes a little too far so it is considered to be part of Shock Advertising. It was banned by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) when it first appeared as posters in 2000, but it still remains in the minds of many viewers as an astounding example of advertising as a way of expressing all the eroticism of a beautiful woman in an orgasmic pose. It attracts the viewers' eyes with the provocative figure of Sophie Dahl lying on a cushion just wearing a necklace, earrings, a bracelet and high heels. The typeface helps a lot in giving the scene an atmosphere of elegance, beauty and sensuality. In this essay we will study Advertising as art taking the Sophie Dahl's advertisement as a guide. We will take a look at the following topics: Sophie Dahl, Opium perfume, the nude advertisement, shock advertising, Advertising as art, nude paintings by Delacroix, Ingres and the Orientals, and decoding the advertisement. ... Sophie Dahl Let's see the model behind the advertisement! Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) Director General Christopher Graham told Paul Taylor from Manchester Online his impression when he first saw the Opium perfume ad featuring a naked Sophie Dahl: "I am taking my kids to school and I am confronted by Sophie Dahl in a flight of sexual ecstasy," says Graham. "That's OK in a women's magazine, surrounded by ads for perfume and lingerie, but on a 48-sheet poster outside the local primary school, it's a problem. We upheld the complaints and it had to come down. It was the second most complained-of ad ever." (Taylor, 2004). The uproar caused by this ad is really very impressive mostly because of the medium where it was displayed. Sophie Dahl was born September 15, 1979, in England. Her father is the actor Julian Holloway, her grandmother is actress Patricia Neal, and her grandfather is the prolific novelist Roald Dahl. She always wanted to be a writer like her grandfather or maybe a movie actress like her father (Sophie-Dahl.Com, n.d.a). Sophie says: "I don't think I could be a wallflower with a body like this," () referring to her outgoing nature and her six foot, size 14 figure. At 21, Sophie has been credited with helping to bring back the curves into Nineties fashion, mesmerising designers like Karl Lagerfeld and Jean-Paul Gaultier with her voluptuous Fifties look." (Sophie-Dahl.Com, n.d.b). Sophie was the inspiration of one famous character in the novel The Big Friendly Giant (BFG) by her grandfather. "During her childhood she moved constantly from Los Angeles to her boarding school in the English countryside. Her unstable lifestyle led her to bouts of teenage depression and anorexia. One night in 1996 she was

The Dating And Marriage Rituals In India And America Essay

The Dating And Marriage Rituals In India And America - Essay Example Dating is very uncommon in this semi urban and rural parts of the country which holds three fourth of the total population. Arrange marriage is a concept where the parents of the bride and groom take the decisions of marriage. - Although U.S has cosmopolitan population but majority of its population happens to be Christians. Thus most of their marriages are conducted in the church followed by a lavish dinner. Their attire usually constitutes of Tuxedos for men and Gowns for women. One of most remarkable things about Christian marriages is when the priest asks the groom that he may kiss the bride. The reason behind highlighting this point is that this uncommon in India to kiss during a marriage. In the party the couple’s perform a ball dance. India too is a secular state. But broadly its population can be categorized into 80% Hindus and 20% Muslims. The attire is the only common thing which is showcased in both the marriages where the Groom dresses in a Sherwani (looks similar to a large coat but custom fitted and often embroidered) and groom in a shade of red lehnga (A long formal or ceremonial skirt worn by Indian women). While in a Hindu wedding an auspicious time is set for the marriage after consulting an astrologer as Indians are superstitious. During marriage the groom ties a necklace into the brides neck which is called "Mangalsutra" and then fills is temple vermilion and then circumvent a small fire 7 times to make 7 promises o each other. On the contrary, in a Muslim marriage the priest (maulana) first asks the bride if she wants to marry the groom after disclosing the meher which is money deposited by the groom as a token of security to the bride and then asks the groom for his consent. A Muslim wedding is similar to a Christian wedding but the bride and groom do not face each other during the marriage and thus they cannot kiss each other. The couples usually dance on chartbusters or on the beats of their folk music. Food- America: The most important dish is the wedding cake that is jointly cut by the newly married couple. Besides that there are dishes of pork, chicken, fish and beef. In the beverages the there is no marriage complete without the champagne and raising a toast with wine. India- In a Hindu marriage the dishes are mostly vegetarian. There are copious dishes. There are delicacies made out of fresh vegetables, Paneer (similar to tofu but much better in taste) and pulses like dal Makhni. In a Muslim marriage the vegetarian food is served along with non -vegetarian dishes of chicken, fish and mutton. Liquor is not served in either of the marriages. Sex and Dating-America- Pre-marital sex does not come as a surprise in U.S. People like to intermingle with each other before marriage and wish to get accustomed to each others nature and habits before taking their vows. India- Pre-marital sex is still considered as a taboo before a marriage. In fact some of the families are so conservative that they would not even entertain meeting of the boy and the girl before marriage. Negative aspects: America- A majority of the marriages in America end up in a divorce. It is also learnt that couples cheat on their spouses. Although, some people feel that it is a myth that has grown in late 70's but it is still common in urban cities of America. India- The most common thing in Indian marriages is dowry. Dowry is the token of gift by the bride's parents to the groom. But often the hunger of wealth from the groom's family leads to a troubled marriage. The bride is stigmatized, mortified and

Is there is any differences between UK Accounting Ethics Standards and Essay

Is there is any differences between UK Accounting Ethics Standards and US Accounting Ethics Standards - Essay Example To the extent that the ASCs pronouncements, known as Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs), have not been replaced by FRSs, they remain in force. The ASB has a formal exposure process for proposed standards. Early concepts are issued as Discussion Papers. These are released to the public and comments invited. Where a new standard is to be proposed, a Financial Reporting Exposure Draft (FRED) is released for comment. The standard in final form is only issued when comments have been incorporated or addressed. This aims to address the criticisms levelled at the ASC, whose comment process was less rigorous. Issues that require an immediate solution are considered by the Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF). The UITF comprises a number of senior figures from industry and accounting firms. It meets as necessary to consider pressing issues and issues Abstracts which become binding immediately. The principal legislation governing reporting in the UK is laid down in the Companies Act 1985 (as amended by the Companies Act 1989 and subsequent statutory instruments), which incorporates the requirements of European law. The Companies Act sets out certain minimum reporting requirements for companies and, for example, requires limited companies to file their accounts with the Registrar of Companies who makes them available to the general public. From 2005, this framework changed as a result of European law requiring that all listed European companies report under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). In the UK, companies which are not listed have the option to report either under IFRSs or under UK GAAP[2]. Recently issued UK FRSs have, in any case replicated the wording of corresponding IFRSs, reducing the differences between the two sets of standards significantly. Each of the current UK accounting standards are explained below

Substance dualism is necessary for beings to have free will Essay

Substance dualism is necessary for beings to have free will - Essay Example Therefore, the mind can be distinctly perceived as a whole autonomous entity that does not pertain an extension, correspondingly, the body can also be though as an extension that pertains no element of thought meaning that God could enable the two to exist distinctly from each other, ergo the mind and body are actually distinct from each other. Concisely, Descartes is really trying to make the point that the mind and body are two entirely different entities each set for its own purpose; the mind is a thinking thing that exists in the abstract devoid of physical attributes such as size shape or color while the body is a non-thinking thing that is bound and limited by the laws of physics. Free will on the other hand can be defined as the inherent capacity to make autonomous choices without being constrained or manipulated by any external limitations, these factors range from physical constrains such as imprisonment to metaphysical and logical factors social psychological ones. The rela tionship between dualism and free will is mutually inclusive since without substance dualism, free will could not be logically expected to exist; this is because in the absence of dualism, it would mean that humans are entirely physical beings. Essentially, every action one takes in the physical realm is subject to the rules of physics which do not however apply to the mental faculties. The subordination of the physical bodies implies that while human beings may perceive themselves to be free, their freedom does not extend past the point at which they are bound by these laws. Take for example the modes of human movements, human being can walk and they one can even argue that they choose to walk, however the very action is subjected to the law of motion and gravity and should one be put in a situation where these laws do not function they would be forced to adjust their means of propulsion. Free will does not just imply that one is free to do what they do but also to do otherwise sho uld they so choose, however human beings cannot decide not to walk but instead to fly since even if they may will it, and their bodies are not free to carry it out. Under this premises, free will cannot exist unless the body was to somewhat be viewed as a separate construct from the mind which is essentially what the theory of substance dualism does. Unlike the body, the mind is not subject to the rules of nature and it can construe anything by gravity can simulate the feeling of flight and one may even argue that one can fly, in their imagination without a physical ceiling or limit, for example when one dreams of flight, they may even expense the exhilaration and fear of being airborne just the way they would have if they were actually flying. This is despite the fact that humans cannot actually fly, nevertheless the mind not being bound physical law do whatsoever it wishes, this is the very concept that philosophers and theologians employ to justify the notion of life after death or reincarnation. The assumption is that after the body has died the soul will live on since it is not an organic construct and therefore not subject to the degeneration which the body inevitable has to undergo after death. Several arguments have been

Data Communications and Network Technologies Essay

Data Communications and Network Technologies - Essay Example By installing a switch or bridge to connect the devices, not only this distance limitation is removed, but also the collisions effect between two transmitting devices can be reduced. Therefore, the Cat 5 cabling can cover the devices scattered all around the manufacturing building. As the cabling has to go through rooms, and owing to the heavy machinery in the building, there would be a lot of electromagnetic interference. In this case, the unshielded Cat 5 twisted pair wiring would face a lot of erroneous transmissions. For that reason, shielded Cat 5 twisted pair cable is the better option. The building could be designed such that the building wiring might travel between rooms through plenums (e.g. space between suspended ceilings or hidden walkways) or risers (e.g. hollow metal tube running through walls, ceilings or floors). Cat 5 cables can run easily through both the plenums and risers of the building. Therefore, for the given scenario, the shielded twisted pair (Cat 5) cable provides a cost effective, reliable cabling solution that also considers the factors of required data transmission rate and

Culture identity Essay Example for Free

Culture identity Essay What is culture identity? Culture identity is appreciation and understanding of literature and who or what a person is, identical sameness and distinctive character. It also means what you are and how you live. In this essay I am going to write about Search for my Tongue by Bhatt and Hurricane hits England by Grace Nichols. I have chosen them because they use a mixture of poetic devices, which makes the poem lively and entertaining to read. Firstly the poem Search for my Tongue is about her feeling abandoned and heart-rending because she went to a place where she forgot how to speak her mother tongue while speaking the foreign language, which is upsetting for her since she is blissful about speaking her mother tongue. She also tells us in the poem about her experiences and what she has been happening to her. I know this because she uses a range of words for e.g. lost and spit this makes me think that she is losing her memory of how to speak her own language, as this is shameful for her because her mother tongue is part of her identity. She is also trying to get rid of the foreign language as she described it as spit. The word spit creates an image of someone trying to get rid of something ugly in their mouth. Then again in the last part of the poem she is feeling glad and back to being natural because her mother tongue grew back in the night. I know this because she quotes it pushes the other tongue aside this line is effective because it makes me feel that she is joyful of getting the chance to speak her language other than the foreign language. The poem Search for my Tongue uses a variety of different language devices for e.g. she states grows longer, grows moist and grows strong veins the poet used repetition so that she can keep the pace going and the rhythm run smoothly and that she just started a new life as she described it in order. However she also uses personification. I know this because she exclaims it ties the other tongue in knots this makes me think that the tongues are combating it out with each other just to tie each other in knots. This is effective for the reader because it engages with the reader so they can be involved in the poem. The poet also uses imagery words so she can catch a picture straight away in the readers mind. I know this because she quotes it grows back a stump of shoot. This makes me think of the tongue capturing the language as fast as a gunshot. Secondly the poem Hurricane hits England by Grace Nichols is about her feeling alienated from life in England and that it took a hurricane to bring her back closer and remind her of her memories. The poet is feeling petrified and dominant.  I know this because she quotes fearful and reassuring. This makes me think that she is very afraid of whats going to happen to her that she stayed awake half the night, on the other hand she is ready to defend and strike anyone.  This is effective because it makes the reader continue to read until he/she finds out what happened at the end. The poem Hurricane hits England uses a wide range of techniques for e.g. she uses lots of rhetorical questions for e.g. she quotes tell me why you visit an English coast? This means that she is trying to tell the hurricane why did it visit her land and not someone elses. She is also trying to say that did she do anything bad that frustrated the hurricane. This is effective because she does not want an answer however she wants the reader to think of the answer while they are reading it which will make it more interesting to read. The poet also uses similes. I know this because she quotes what is the meaning of trees falling heavy as whales. This means that the hurricane was so physically powerful that when a tree fell it was as heavy as a whale. This line is effective because it makes the reader imagine what would have happened if millions of trees fell which would have killed so many people and destroyed so many homes.  The similarities of the two poems are not quite the same because in the content the two poems talk about the culture identity and about their new place. In the language they use imagery and metaphors however in the structure most of the lines are laid out in paragraphs. The differences between the two poems. In the content Search for my Tongue is about language and Hurricane hits England is about the environment. In the language the poem Search for my Tongue uses personification. I know this because she quoted it ties the other tongue in knots. She also used repetition. I know this because she quoted grows moist, grows longer and grows strong veins. In Hurricane hits England the poet used rhetorical question. I know this because she quotes o why is my heart unchained? The poet also used similes. I know this because she quotes trees falling heavy as whales. In the structure Search for my Tongue is laid out in lines and paragraphs however the poem Hurricane hits England is just laid out in paragraphs and stanzas.  In conclusion I think Search for my Tongue is better because some of the words are in different language, which is interesting to find out and it uses lots of language devices. The poem Hurricane hits England is full of rhetorical questions, which makes it boring and it makes the reader think a lot.

Organizational Structure And Specialisation

Organizational Structure And Specialisation In organizational structure we arrange people into groups and different departments. Organizational structure provides the pathway for the system of coverage that drives a business, dividing it into areas or departments that are responsible for certain aspects of the organizations purpose. An organization divides jobs among employees to achieve their goals more efficiently. There are different key factors which will help us to create an organization structure .we will discuss them below Work specialization: When an individual perform certain job several time on daily bases, that individual get habitual to that specific task and become experienced by doing that task again and again, this is called as work specialization. Advantages: Through work specialization level of efficiency increases in employees. Disadvantages: Employees can become bore by doing same task again and again. Lack of interest might increase by doing same task again and again. Departmentalization: Departmentalization is the combination of four departments operating department, marketing department, HRM department and finance department. This is the process of performing different tasks, advertising products, managing resources (hiring employees, machinery etc) for different tasks and providing budgets for performing different of different departments. Functional departmentalization Product departmentalization Geographic departmentalization Process departmentalization Customer departmentalization Functional departmentalization: In functional departmentalization peoples are grouped together according to the work they specialize. Groups of people then perform similar tasks and uses similar materials. Groups are then further divided into sub departments. Advantages: Efficiency of employees increases by doing same work again and again. Hiring/firing and training of employees gets easier. Each department will be responsible for their tasks. Disadvantages: In this structure communication, coordination is poor and accountability becomes difficult in this structure. http://static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/27984/fwk-collins-fig06_008.jpg (htt) (Figure showing functional departmentalization) Product departmentalization: In product departmentalization work is grouped on the basis of manufactured goods they produce. Example Nestle corporation uses product departmentalization technique for their wide range of products. Nestle produces different products like Nestle food, Nestle Beverages, Nestle Baby care products etc is controlled by executives who have full responsibility for their products. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/3300080301004.png (htt1) (Figure showing product departmentalization) Geographic departmentalization: In this type of structure departmentalization occurs on the basis of region, area. Example Standard Chartered Bank has their branches almost in every city of Pakistan. Like head department of Standard Chartered Bank is in Karachi and their branches are spread over all other cities of Pakistan. Advantages: Services can be easily available for employees. Employees satisfaction increases by providing them services in every city. Service of one department in one city can be different from another department in another city. This might create some problems. Duplication of resources by having lots of managers and staff. Lack of communication with head office is the disadvantages. Process departmentalization: In process departmentalization department are organize to perform particular job. The members of staff are grouped together to concentrate on specific job. In process departmentalization specialization increases because worker has to focus on single task. Example: Making Passport, ID Card etc. Chain of command: A chain of command set up the line of authority within the organization. It helps employee that to whom they will be responsible. Its starting with the board of directors and extended down through the various level in hierarchy to the point where basic function of the organization carried out. Centralization: Centralization is a procedure where top managers take decision; in centralization authority and power remain with high-class managers. Lower level employee are not considerable that much important. Decentralization: Decentralization is the reciprocal of centralization. Here planning and decision-making are distributed among employees. Decentralization has several benefits compare to centralization Employees get motivated by involving them in decision making Decision making get faster. coordination improve through organization Matrix structure: Matrix structure is combination of several different designs want to combine their benefits and avoid there drawbacks. Employees have to responsible for two bases. Organizational Culture: Definition: A specific system of running, controlling which represents and distinguishes an organization from another organization OR Physical image of an organization that is values, understanding, attitude, norms of an organization Characteristics of organization culture: Organizational culture plays major role in the development of an organization. Its gives distinct value to organization, it smoothen path for innovation and risk taking, it provides stability to organization. Some more characteristics of organization structure are explained below. Dominant value: As the name indicates dominant values are specific qualities of a person or an organization. Major values of an organization or person are called as dominant value. Rules: Complete framework of an organization for new coming employees and to the existing employees. All employees must obey all the rules and regulations of an organization. Example, what time to come, when to leave, what to do and what not do etc. Organization climate: Is physical layout of an organization that is how the building of an organization, is it well decorated, how are employees of organization, their dress their attitude toward clients etc? Example: Standard Charted Bank. When we go there we will notice that building would be nicely decorated, all the employees will have proper uniform etc which is the physical representation of Standard Chartered Bank Philosophy: As we know for an organization costumers are king because without costumer organization cannot run. Philosophy is the main characteristic of an organization culture because here we emphasis on how to treat customers and how to behave costumers. Team orientation: Team orientation is another salient characteristic of organizational culture. Individuals or groups of individuals are grouped together to perform different activities of an organization. Innovation and risk taking: Working on new thing is called as innovation, no doubt innovation is quite risky but it can be very helpful for an organization. https://static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/30774/fwk-carpenter-fig08_005.jpg (htt2) Example viewing organization culture: Mobilink GSM: culture of Mobilink GSM is to totally satisfy customer and shareholders wants, their dominant values include business brilliance, confidence honesty value for public, corporate social responsibility. Sub Culture: Sub culture is basically a culture with in a culture, like every organization has its specific culture then in organization every department has its own culture that is style of operating controlling of marketing department is different than finance department and similarly culture of HR department is different that marketing department. Developing Organizational Culture: While developing a culture there are some factors which affect organizational culture at a great, of which some are explained below. Economic conditions: Economic conditions has great affect on organization culture because if the time for an organization is prosperous so definitely organizations will be looking for innovations, new ideas etc but on the other hand if time is not prosperous, there are inflations for an organizations so no doubt organization will face a lot of problems. Formation: Formation or structure means how are tasks ordered. In flexible structured organization employees are motivated by giving them rewards etc. Employees are given good working condition. On the other hand if the structure of organization is stressful so definitely employees will be demotivated this will decrease their interest level of work. Leadership style: Leader must implement such rule and regulations which are both convenient for employees to follow as well as profitable for organization. It is up to the leader how he controls an organization. Changing Culture: Changing organizational culture is huge tough task according to expert it takes 8 years for an organization to change their culture as a whole, but mostly organizations alter their negative culture. Change in culture can be made by changing mission and vision of an organization etc. Some factors which are playing great role in changing organization culture are described below. Mission and Vision: In order to change organizational culture changes must be made in the mission and vision statement of organization. As mission and vision is communication purpose to stakeholders, mission and vision for an organization should be wisely selected. Alteration from top to down: While changing organizational culture it is important that whatever changes are made by an organization it should be followed by top level managers as well lower level managers and employees because it is obvious if top managers are implementing new rule and they them self not following rule changing of culture might not be possible. Physical sign of culture: New culture must be physically visible that is style of working, dress of employees and attitude toward stakeholders etc must match the changed culture. Leadership: Leader provides motion for cultural alteration. It is the leader who will guide about new alteration of culture plus leader is one who will implement new culture. Importance of culture: Culture affects over all activities of an organization. It is the culture which represents organizations that how they perform their different tasks. Culture plays lively role in the motivation of employees and culture of an organization is the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, competitors etc. Some of the salient points of culture are explained below. Motivation: Culture of an organization helps in the motivation of employees because if the culture of an organization is flexible employees will be encouraged they will be interested in organization, similarly if the culture of an organization is not fulfilling employees demand definitely it will have bad impact on success of an organization. Image of an organization: It is culture which gives an organization a distinctive image. Culture represents an organization that is how is does an organization perform their activities how are there attitude toward customers, employees and other stakeholders. Communication: As discussed above culture plays great role in communication to customers and other stakeholders. Working style, building style and their attitudes attracts customers. Flexibility: Culture provides flexibility in an organization by giving value to customers and having friendly working condition for employees and managers etc. Kinds of culture: There are different types of culture, which are expressed below. Power culture Role culture Task culture Person culture Task for P2: Relationship between organization structure and culture: Organizational structure is the mechanism by which efforts and works are coordinated with supervision to produce the results that are hoped from organizational culture. One of the most important features in relationship between organizational structure and culture is that it gives clear picture to the employees about their limitations and responsibilities and so not to concern about the issues that are beyond their scope of expectation this will help employees to work more efficiently. An effective coalition between organization structure and culture gets people closer to achieve organizational end goals more efficiently. Affect of structure on organization: Structure has a great affect on the performance of organization. If the structure of an organization is flexible the employees of that organization will be motivated and they will perform their task willingly. Structure of an organization helps in maintaining communication and stresses on coordination. Mainly there are two kinds of structures which are given below. Tall structure. An organization which have tall structure will have lower span of control that is there will be lots of hierarchy of manager is high. Advantage: low level of span of control, motivation of employees, good coordination. Disadvantage: expensive because so many managers required for an organization, distraction of accountability, single task is passed from so many individuals in organization, slow decision. Narrow structure: According to specialists single individual can handle well 8 individuals. In narrow structure of an organization there is high span of control, that hierarchy of managers is lower as compared to tall structure. Advantages: less expensive because low number managers, decision making is fast, good communication among employees. Disadvantage: high span of control that is pressure on manager is a lot. Example: We visited Mobilink GSM Peshawar, we had an interview with Customer Care Department. According to them structure of Mobilink GSM is decentralized due to which employees are satisfied from organization structure because they are involve in decision making this really motivates customers and this leads to innovations as well. Affects of culture on organization: Culture has a great affect on organization. If the culture of an organization is good corporate culture employees will be motivated and they will work efficiently and it is also the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, shareholders, and government etc. Some salient characteristics of organizational culture are given below. Organizational culture is the physical image of an organization. Helps in making good image of an organization. It is the communication purpose to stakeholders. Example: Mobilink GSM has great friendly environment. When we visited Mobilink GSM we feel our selves like we are home we were asked about what to take and what to eat, this really attracted us and felt us happy. Employees are motivated by various methods specially by awarding them and Mobilink GSM provides their employees with necessities of life like they have air condition system in whole organization in summer while in winter they have heater system and they provide employees coffee breaks etc which increase the level of interests of employees. Task for P3: Individual behavior at work: According to psychologist understanding human psyche is very tough job as we know behavior of one person will be different from another. Behavior of individual varies according to conditions around. Interpersonal behaviors are changed from individual behaviors, that is when a person is alone his/her personality changes as compared to when an individual is with other individuals. On the other hand group behavior is different from interpersonal or individual behavior. Example person named Ahmed sets with his colleagues, Ahmads attitude, style and other things which are concerned with his personality will be changes as compared to when Ahmad is alone. Personality: Personality is the general model of an individuals beliefs, feelings, and behaviors which represents style of individuals involving to the surroundings. Personality of a person involves persons height, weight, attitude, fashion, thinking etc. factors which affect personality are given below. Heredity: It involves attitudes, feelings, thinking and behavior etc that you learn from your parents, siblings etc. It is not 100% sure that your personality will resemble to your parents and siblings it may vary. Environment: Your personality changes according to environment you living. If an individual owns good personality that having good attitude, good expression etc definitely that individuals behavior at work would be appreciative. Perception: Is a method in which individual get in-coming information from their surroundings and then arrange and build out these to understand in a particular manner. Each in-coming information or happening going on nearby of individual is perceived in a particular style by every individual. Therefore perception is a center for the communication of a person with its surroundings both at job or other place. Perceptual selectivity: Human minds are attacked by different information all the time. What basically perceptual selectivity means is that selecting of information by our mind to understand, it is not under the control of human being. Further components of perceptual selectivity are. Context 2. Nature of stimuli 3. Internal factors 4. Fear and trauma Attitude: It is basically the response of an individual to all the actions happening in surrounding to it. Attitude is very important because it is attitude which represents you that is how you perform different task and how you deal things happening around you. Ability: Ability of an individual is inborn quality it changes which passage of time like when an individual perform some task again and again a time may come that person will perform activity efficiently. Ability of an individual in organization is required to obtain certain goals and objectives. Task for M1: Culture and structure of selected organization: The organization which I have selected is Mobilink GSM, Pakistan. About Mobilink: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Mobilink.jpg Mobilink GSM started its business as the primary GSM cellular cell phone services inside Pakistan through MOTOROLA Inc in 1994, afterward Mobilink GSM was purchased by Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) which is the first multi-national company of Egypt. Mobilink GSM, a subordinate of the Orascom Telecom Holding, is Pakistans primary cellular and Blackberry service supplier. Having more than 31.5 million subscribers, Mobilink holds market leadership through progressive integrated expertise, the strongest trademark and the largest range of value added services in the business. (Wikipedia , 2011) Mobilink Mission Statement: The business is devoted to give its stakeholders highest level of satisfaction through admirable services and show that we as a corporation meeting our commercial as well as moral objectives, in ways that a regular sensible communal expectations of accountable cellular corporations. (Mobilink GSM, 2011) Culture of Mobilink GSM: Complete purchaser approval: According to Mobilink GSM clients are key to their achievements. Mobilink GSM says that costumers has expectation from us and they are doing to the best of their ability to provide them quality, services more that what they have expected. We will surely work according to needs of our clients. Business brilliance: Mobilink GSM struggle to provide the best quality to our clients. Furthermore Mobilink seek to the uppermost standards and search to identify costumer needs every day. This leads Mobilink GSM to market leading company and gives satisfaction to the stakeholders. Confidence honesty: Mobilink GSM gets arrogance in working the top moral principles in an open and frank environment, and by devoting their promises. Value for public: Mobilink GSM runs its business by its relation with peoples. Mobilink GSM gives its importance to its employees and other stakeholders and Mobilink GSM believe in cooperation. Value for employees: Mobilink provide good, flexible and friendly working environment for their employees. Mobilink GSM treats their employees and managers very well and gives them good amount of salary along with security. Corporate Social Responsibility: Mobilink GSM believes that costumers and businesses are in relationship with each other. They are interdependent to each other. Being good corporate business Mobilink not only focuses on earning profit from society but they also spend in the prosperity of societies. (Mobilink GSM, 2011) Mobilink GSMs organizational Structure: We visited Mobilink GSM, we conducted an interview with their Customer Care department and also with HR department. According to Customer Care department and HR department organizational structure of Mobilink GSM is Decentralized. This means that Mobilink GSM involves their lower level managers and employees in decision making. Advantages of this structure: Due to this structure employees are motivated they consider organization as their family they then work efficiently. This structure leads to new innovations because employees of Mobilink GSM told us in interview that employees can give their suggestions and feedback whenever they want, and feedbacks of employees are given great attention. When their suggestions are liked by the top managers, employees are given different rewards even some employees were given Dubai return tickets. (Figure showing Organizational structure of Mobilink GSM) (Source: Interview) Strategic decision making: Strategic decisions of Mobilink GSM are made by Chief Executives (Presidents) in Islamabad. Other decisions are made by directors of each department involving their lower level managers and employees as well. Task for D1: Recommendations: When skills of employees increases salary should be increased as well. In order to keep employees motivated and efficient they should be given training repeatedly. Giving awards on good performance to employees should be maintained this will develop competition among employees. Keeping in mind conditions of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa employees should be provided good security. Each department should have emergency alarm and fire distinguisher which would be use in case of emergency. They should provide pick and drop system this will attract employees from competitors. Customer Care Department should be improved because too much customers are dissatisfied from their work. Customers are not satisfied from the mistakes of billing department. As compared to competitors prices are high and customer is dissatisfied with the quality as well. Outcome 2nd Task for P4: Organizational or managerial theories: Before we discuss organizational theories it is important first to know what management is. Management: The art of taking work from employees or people effectively and efficiently. Effectiveness means doing exact work as told. Efficiency doing work with less possible input and more possible output. History: The word manage comes from Italian word (maneggiare) and (maneggiare) itself is derived from Latin word (Manus) which means hand. Later on, in 17th and 18th centuries, French word (Mesnagement) influenced in meaning of the English word (Management).. Ranks of management: There are three ranks of management, high-level managers, middle-level managers and lower-level managers. Each rank has its own authorities in organization, which is discussed below. High-level managers: This includes board of directors, presidents, vice presidents and chief executives. They generally make top decisions. They are accountable for the outside image of organization. Middle-level managers: This normally includes general managers, department managers etc. They are accountable to high-level managers. They basically acts like interpreters, they describe information of high-level managers to lower-level managers. Lower-level managers: They are managers who have direct contact with employees, lower-level managers gives job to employees and takes work from them. In short its lower-level managers who run organization on daily bases. Development of management thought: how does management start that which steps an organization should carry in order to manage organization Different organizational theories are of which some are discussed below. Scientific Management: To convert your short skilled labor into efficient employees. This will happen by giving your employees good training that is how to perform different task and by increasing their wages this will increase their interest in work. Explanation: scientific management is also known as Taylorism. It was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, he said that organization cannot be managed by hazy ideas it should be managed by organized rules. Principles of Scientific Management: >> Employees should be train for more improvement and they should be motivated by giving awards etc to employees. >> Recruitment should be completely base on merit (scientifically). >> Boss should not be so strict so that employees become stressful nor should the boss be so friendly that employees do not perform their tasks effectively. >> When sales increases, wages should be increased as well. This will encourage employees a lot. >> There should be possible minimum work pressure on employees so that they can perform their tasks well. Human Relations Approach: This approach emphasize on, that human should not be considered as machines, they should be given proper relation and breaks when working Explanation: This approach was first introduced by George Elton Mayo. He was the first person who talked about human relationships approach. He said that human beings become bored when do something for long time without proper breaks, they should be given breaks, they should be provided food, water etc while working in organization. Salient features of Human Relationships Approach: >> Employees should be motivated positively not by force. >> Employees should not be considered as rational, they should be given breaks while working in organization. >> This approach stresses on team work, because by team there is low level of work pressure on employees plus when more than one individuals are grouped together to solve specific problem they will do it more effectively as compared to an individual who is alone. Classical Administration: Henri Fayol introduced classical administration. Henri Fayol was suburb of Turkey who was born in 1841 and was French mining engineer. He gave 14 principles of management. Which are discussed below. Division of work: To train employees in order to make them more efficient. Authority: Managers should have the ability take work from employees. That he/she should be able to make employees to obey their orders. Discipline: There should be proper rules and regulations in organization and all employees must obey them. Example: wearing proper uniform, coming on time and leaving on time etc. Unity of command: Employees should be accountable to one boss because the number of boss in organization is more than one this will cause confusion for employees. Unity of direction: in order to avoid distraction employees must go on one plan that is one direction. Subordination of person interests to the common interest: Interests of organization must be given top priority. Remuneration: There should be extra packages for employees in organization. Employees should be given good wage. Centralization: It means making of decisions by managers. Hierarchy: They are the managers to whom employees are accountable. Order: To place right person the task that is every person should be given task according to the work they specializes. Equity managers should not be cruel or bad with employees they should be friendly with employees. Stability of staff: There should not be surplus of employees not shortage of employees in organization. Initiatives: Organization should focus on innovation, they should take risk in making new things. Esprit De Corps: To work as team because it will ease task for every employees. (Wikipedia, 2011) Function of management: Managing almost in every organization helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives, it brings employees closer that is stresses on team work. Management plays great role on motivating employees. There are different functions of management which are planning, organizing, leading, coordinating and controlling. Planning: For achieving organization goals and objectives planning is done. That how will an organization achieve their goals and objectives. Planning further includes mission, goals, objectives, tactics, budgeting and procedure. Mission: It is the very reason of existence of an organization. Goals: Are the long term intentions, what an organization wants to become in future. Objectives: Are short term intentions of an organization. Tactics: Are methodologies used to achieve objectives (short term targets). Strategies: Are game plans which are used to achieve long term targets of an organization (goals). Budgeting: Amount of capital (money) required for achieving specific goal is called as budgeting. Procedure: Is the specific way of doing some activity. OR Rules and regulations to do some work. Organizing: Collecting the best resources to achieve different goals and objectives of an organization, which is having good machinery, skilled employees and managers etc. Leading: guiding employees how to perform tasks in organization, how to behave clients etc. Coordinating: Providing team work environment, which is helping each other in organization in order to be successful. Controlling: to monitor how are tasks going on and is it going according to the plan or not. Motivation: Without motivating employees taking work from them is so difficult. Employ

Edna’s Symbolic Swim in The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening

Edna’s Symbolic Swim in The Awakening Reading through The Awakening for the first time, a passage in chapter X intrigued me: Edna’s first successful swim. I begin my close reading halfway through page 49, â€Å"But that night she was like the little tottering, stumbling, clutching child, who of a sudden realizes its powers, and walks for the first time alone, boldly and with over-confidence.† Her success is sudden and in spite of assistance from â€Å"the men and women; in some instances from the children† throughout the summer. Robert himself had devised a system of lessons. But her triumph does not result from any such assistance, but from her own abilities. By comparing the experience to a child’s first steps, it conjures imagery she herself must have experienced with her own children, which is emphasized by referring to â€Å"the† child rather than â€Å"a† child. Before her triumph, she totters, stumbles, and literally clutches at any â€Å"hand nearby that might reach out and reassure her,† always requiring the assistance or reassurance of others. But on this night, her powers, which by virtue of the strength of such a word choice suggests its relevance to far more than swimming, overtake her. It is significant she does it alone, and her over-confidence possibly foreshadows the conclusion. â€Å"A feeling of exultation overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been given her to control the working of her body and her soul† implies the tremendous joy that encourages her to shout, as well as underscores the significance of the experience in terms of the greater awakening, for the experience actually does provide Edna with the ability to control her own body and soul for the first time. Her â€Å"daring and reckless† behavior, her overestimation of strength, and the desire to â€Å"swim far out, where no woman had swum before† all suggest the tragic conclusion that awaits Edna. Whether her awakening leads her to want too much, or her desires are not fully compatible with the society in which she lives, she goes too far in her awakening. Amazed at the ease of her new power, she specifically does not join the other groups of people in the water, but rather goes off to swim alone. Indeed, her own awakening ultimately ends up being solitary , particularly in her refusals to join in social expectations. Here, the water presents her with space and solitude, with the â€Å"unlimited in which to lose herself.

ALI :: essays research papers

American boxer, one of the greatest fighters in the history of the sport. Colorful, talented, and sometimes controversial, Ali entertained fans and intimidated opponents. His boxing style involved graceful footwork and powerful jabs. He also became famous for bragging about himself. For example, he once described his skills by saying that he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee," In 1978 Ali became the first boxer to win the world heavyweight championship title three different times. Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. His original name was Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. He began boxing at the age of 12, after his bicycle was stolen and a police officer suggested that the young Clay should learn how to box. By age 18 Clay had amassed a record of 108 wins and 8 losses in amateur competition. This included six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, the 1959 International Golden Gloves heavyweight title, and a gold medal as the light heavyweight champion at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, Italy. After returning from the Olympics, Clay turned professional. He fought his first professional bout on October 29, 1960, and defeated Tunney Hunsaker. As Clay continued to win over the next few years, he became more vocal about his successes, and he was given the nicknames "Louisville Lip" and "Mighty Mouth." By 1964 Clay had recorded 19 professional wins and had earned a chance to challenge heavyweight champion Sonny Liston. At 22 years of age, he was considered a serious underdog. Nonetheless, he predicted that he would knock out Liston in the eighth round. Clay needed even less time to make good on his claim. His jab-and-dance technique tired Liston, who failed to come out of his corner at the start of the seventh round. Clay was crowned the new world heavyweight champion and proclaimed himself "The Greatest." In 1964 Clay converted to Islam, joined the Nation of Islam (see Black Muslims), and assumed the name Muhammad Ali. In 1965 he defended his title in a rematch against Liston. The bout lasted only 2 minutes 12 seconds. During the first round Ali caught Liston with a hard blow, so quick that it was dubbed the "phantom punch" because few fans saw it.

Poor Parenting Techniques Displayed in Maurice Sendaks Where The Wild

Poor Parenting can cause poorly behaved children 'Where The Wild Things Are' was first published in 1963 and is the first part of a trilogy of award - winning books by American author and illustrator Maurice Sendak. 'Where The Wild Things Are' is haunting and imaginative and describes how a young child, called Max, creates a fictitious fantasy world in order to deal with the terrifying reality of anger. Poor parenting is a lack of parenting techniques and skills in relation to the responsibilities and obligations, which need to be fulfilled in order to accomplish prominent problems within the family relationship. Poor parenting is most likely to come from an absence of cooperation from both child and parent, satisfying both needs and wants so that they both reach common ground. Depending on the age of the child, a lack of parenting techniques and skills affects a child differently psychologically, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. However, it is manipulated by the events happening outside the home environment, which can include a divorce or war. The role of the parent in a child's life is very influential and possible outcomes of inadequate parenting techniques and skills can result in the child becoming poorly behaved. This is represented in the children's picture book, ' Where The Wild Things Are' by Maurice Sendak. While Max battles for authority, his mother demonst rates many parenting techniques, which have led to severe consequences in relation to his poor behaviour. Bad behaviour influences a child's long-term growth as a human being and stunts their journey from child to mature adult. Children develop a sense of acceptable behaviour based on the methods employed by their parents. Negative behaviour comes as a result of the child feeling insecure, becoming aggressive, angry, antisocial, demanding, dependant, undisciplined and also developing a hateful desire to ‘get back at the world.’ These bad behavioural aspects are outcomes reached as the parent has reacted to become over-controlling with orders, reminders of poor behaviour and warnings. With the parent being the unquestioned boss, it is common for the child with an authoritarian in the household to feel irritable, and get angry and temperamental quite quickly. As a result of being given orders and constant reminders on their behaviour it is no wonder why some children experience... ... expected then, that a lack of cooperation can cause problems. If a parent does not fulfil the obligations and legal responsibilities then it would be clear that poor parenting does cause poorly behaved children. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Australian Family Law Guide (1999), 2nd Edition, CCH, Australia. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carter, G.B. (1995) Australian Legal System, Blackstone Press, NSW. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hennessy, C. (2004) â€Å"Violence and drugs top school woes,† The Gold Coast Bulletin, 25 Mar., PG 3. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kirshenbaum, M. & Foster, C. (2001), Parent-Teen Breakthrough – The Relationship Approach, Penguin Books, Australia. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monahan, G. (1999), Family Law, LBC Nutshell, Sydney. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Williams, B. (1997), Encyclopaedia of Questions and Answers, Kingfisher, Sydney. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1994) â€Å"Relationships Within The Family,† Mental Help, URL: http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap9/chap91.htm 25/03/04 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2004) â€Å"The Artistry and Influence of Maurice Sendak,† Children’s Books URL: http://childrensbooks.about.com 25/03/04

Macbeth Essay Essay

Shakespeare uses ghosts and witches into many of his plays and work. But in no other play did he make them so horrible and demon like as he did the witches in Macbeth. The way in which they were described, made Macbeth a popular play. Superstition is a very shrewd belief in the supernatural. Supernatural is an attribute to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature. When it is referred to as â€Å"the supernatural†, then it means supernatural appearances or events. Both of the two terms that I have just explained, superstition and supernatural, are present a lot of the time during the play Macbeth, and many of the supernatural events which occur during the play tend to lead into other happenings. The witches are actually an important part of the play and the supernatural, because they start the play along with the supernatural. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare sets the scene for the witches by using thunder and lightening and naming location of the scene â€Å"A Desolate Place†. â€Å"Upon the heath† and â€Å"there to meet Macbeth† The witches announce that they will meet with Macbeth upon a heath. They then disappear into â€Å"filthy air† as mysteriously as they arrived. Later in the play, Banquo refers to the witches exit as â€Å"the earth hath bubbles, as the water has, and these are of them† what he means by this is that the witches can disappear in the same way as bubbles do. In the first scene the supernatural theme is present due to the witches being there. They speak of Macbeth and involve him in supernatural matters, and we can tell that they influence him, and this also blooms as the play develops. The words that the witches use are also of a supernatural nature. Some link together sometimes in a chant like way, such as ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’, and this sounds rather unpleasant and evil. We can also blame them for some of the things that happen later on in the play which are involved in the downfall of Macbeth. Later in the play Macbeth is found echoing some of the phrases that the witches have used. This occurs just before the witches give their predictions to Macbeth and Banquo. This could be coincidence, but could also be because they have influenced him. Therefore, they could have influenced him in what to do, and what he does is evil. This is a good example of how the supernatural leads to his downfall. The main turning point in the play is when Macbeth meets with the witches when he is with Banquo and when the predictions are made. Macbeth is told that he shall be the thane of Glamis, then the than of Cawdor and shall then go on to be King. We can tell that he is interested as the first thing that he says after these predictions have been made is ‘Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more’, which is meant to make Banquo and the audience to think that he does not believe them, but tells the witches to carry on as he is curious as to what they have to say, but they vanish and we know that he has taken them seriously as he desperate for them to come back. Banquo has a different view and says ‘The instruments tell us truths; win us with honest trifles, to betray in deepest consequence’. What Banquo means by this is that the witches may have only told them their possible future so that they act on what they have been told. By saying this, Banquo is implying that the witches have evil intentions. Banquo advises Macbeth to steer clear o the witches and what they have said, but he ignores him as he is greedy and over ambitious. This is where we know that the supernatural has influenced Macbeth and has begun to change him. At the time of the predictions Macbeth was already Thane of Glamis, and was shortly made the Thane of cawdor. This made him believe that the predictions were true. Macbeth believed that if the first two predictions were correct, the third prediction would also be correct. Lady Macbeth also helped Macbeth become a victim of his own destiny. She was behind him during the murder of King Duncan and was the reason for Macbeth doing it because she continued to assure that all would turn out in their favour. She also made him feel guilty and like a wimp by saying ‘Art thou afeard’ and ‘live a coward in thane own esteem’. This is quite an important thing as she is questioning his masculinity. Macbeth is at this time known as a warrior, and when he is faced with this comment he is going to try and prove it wrong. She can also be found using witchcraft when she asks the spirits to change her into a fearless, ruthless human being making her able to help Macbeth in killing Duncan. She says ‘Unsex me here’ and ‘Come you spirits’ which shows that she would be able to influence what Macbeth does, like the witches can. As the play continues we can see that they grow apart and Macbeth decides to make more important decisions on his own and does not include her. As I have already said, the witches build up a large part of the supernatural in the play, but other elements add to this, so we can not put it all down to the witches. Although they were responsible for directing Macbeth in the killing, and the hallucinations may have encouraged him, a character who was close to him was also involved, Lady Macbeth. However, when Macbeth murdered Banquo, and Macduff’s family, they were his own decisions. I think that he went solo because all of the predictions had been achieved, and now the supernatural has abandoned him. Before he could have blamed it on the supernatural but when he took matters into his own hands he was to blame. Macbeth starts to arouse suspicion as soon as he starts making decisions for himself and so, this is why he ends up dead because Banquo suspects him. You could say that all of the deaths in Macbeth were caused by the supernatural, because the witches had quite a lot to do with Macbeth, and the Murder of Duncan was directed by witchcraft. Macbeth was provoked by the witches and pressurised by his wife, who we know used witchcraft at some time during the play, and did carry out the actions herself, but we could say that it is not his fault. However, the witches may have just been making suggestions and so; Macbeth never had to follow them. After this of course, the murders are down to one man, Macbeth. I think that the supernatural does indeed lead to Macbeth’s downfall, but really, he is to blame, and becomes a monster. I think that the main reason is his own ambition.

Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola Essay

Summary In the late 1800s, American pharmacists started mixing fruit syrups and carbonated soda water, causing a new kind of beverages known as soda drinks. The most famous brands that started in the business are Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Dr. Pepper; but the big long-lasting rivalry is until today between Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. In 1886, a pharmacist named Dr. John Pemberton made the formula of Coca-Cola and the drink was sold in at the counter of Jacob’s Pharmacy as a refreshing drink. Pemberton was a part owner of the pharmacy after he left, eventually, Asa Candler became the sole owner and had the rights to the drink. Candler sold the Coca-Cola syrup to pharmacies and started a big advertising campaign which gave Candler a strong sales force. In 1899 Candler granted the first bottling franchise, which eventually grew rapidly. Ernest Woodruff bought Coca-Cola in 1919 for 25$ million, Woodruff and his son worked on making Coke a convenient product that’s available everywhere. Woodruff made a great decision at the time of the beginning of World War II; he stated that every man wearing a uniform should get a Coca-Cola bottle for only 5 cents whatever it costs. This decision made Coke have a strong market-share in Asian and European countries; in the late 1950’s, Coca-Cola advertised as â €Å"Americans Preferred Taste†. Woodruff was influential in Coke’s strategic decisions until 1982. A pharmacist named Caleb Bradham invented the formula of Pepsi-Cola in 1893 in New Bern, South Carolina in 1893. Pepsi followed a similar path as Coke in the expansion, using franchisers to spread their beverage. The company faced bankruptcy many times due to the strong advantage that Coke had over Pepsi-Cola and the weak competition between the two companies at that time. In the period following WWII, Coke outsold Pepsi by a 10 to 1 ratio per unit; in that period many soft-drink producers started entering the market with a big variety of flavors other than cola flavor. Alfred Steele became Pepsi’s CEO in 1950, he believed that his company will take over Coke one day, Steele was a former Coca-Cola marketing executive, and he helped Pepsi a lot due to his wide knowledge about the rival which is Coca-Cola. In an effort to raise the company’s sales, Pepsi introduced new bottle sizes such as the 24-oz family bottle. 1955 Steele married an actress named Joan Crawford and sta rted a big advertising campaign; Alfred Steel’s motto was â€Å"beat coke† which led to increasing Pepsi revenues to over 300% between years 1950 and 1959. Through the years many soft drink companies joined the industry, but the difference is that these companies focused on tastes other than colas, such as 7UP which is a mix of citric flavors and soda, 7UP was first introduced in 1929; the introduction of 7UP led to an increase in the national market share. Coca-Cola continued to expand in the 1960s making Coke available internationally and in the United States. Coca-Cola started diversifying when it bought Minute Maid Juice Company; Cola-Cola also produced new products such as Sprite. Coca-Cola offered its soft drinks either in cans or glass bottles in 1961. Throughout the years in the 1960s and 1970s, Coca-Cola introduced different new products such as Sprite, Tab, Mr.Pibb, Fresca, and Mellow Yellow. Coca-Cola concentrated on international markets to spread the drinks, this strategy of spreading Coca-Cola internationally had matured the company and made the brand image much stronger than Pepsi. Donald Kendall, a former sales manager became Pepsi CEO in 1963, under Kendall Pepsi was renamed PepsiCo and started an unrelated diversification by opening restaurants such as Pizza Hut and producing snacks. Pepsi extended its line of products in 1964 by introducing Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew; Mountain Dew has a similar taste to Sprite with was introduced by Coca-Cola. Pepsi tried to keep track with Coke in order to keep the competition even though Coca-Cola was more powerful than PepsiCo at that time. Pepsi became more aggressive and competition hungry in 1970 and 1971 when they employed experienced marketing executives. In the 1950s and 1960s the price of Pepsi was 20% less than the price of Coke, but still wasn’t able to reach Coke’s strength; with the strong advertising campaigns thanks to the experienced executives that Pepsi recruited, Pepsi was able to gain a stronger market-share for the first time in 1975. In 1974, Pepsi was the third largest-selling soft drink after Coke and Dr. Pepper. Researchers from Pepsi have shown that in a blind test the majority of consumers preferred Pepsi over Coke. This successful experiment which was called â€Å"The Pepsi Challenge† increased Pepsi’s market share and made it the number-two brand. After the great success that this challenge brought to Pepsi, Victor Bonomo, president of Pepsi USA in 1974, decided that the Pepsi challenge should be deployed I all market where Pepsi is weak. The spread of the Pepsi challenge led to an increase in Pepsi sales by 20% in the biggest cities of America. Pepsi launched the Challenge all over the nation in 1977, and after 3 years Pepsi brand was widely recognized in the U.S. and gave Pepsi an additional 1.3% market share lead over the rival Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola responded to the challenge by giving big discounts in certain markets where Coke has a competitive advantage over Pepsi and by stating that Coke’s bottlers are owned by Coca-Cola, but Pepsi bottlers are franchisees. Knowing that Coke and Pepsi is a standardized product, Coca-Cola used price as a market weapon to target Pepsi consumers. Coke tried to regain money lost that was a result of the huge discounts that the company kept on introducing, by selling franchisees the concentrate rather than the syrup they use in manufacturing the drinks. Roberto Goizueta became CEO of Coca-Cola in 1980, he introduced a 1200-word strategy statement, and the main aim of this statement is price discounting in order to regain Coke’s position in the market. Coca-Cola began to influence the ownership and management of the of their franchised bottlers, despite being committed to independent bottlers, they replaced bottlers in key markets that were not deemed sufficiently aggressive in selling their product. The CEO of Coca-Cola USA stated that the company had some role to play in the reasons the buyers purchase the product by offering in several instances to increase the numbers of their investments with the potential buyers. 2) Contribution The â€Å"Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola† case study was written to give the maximum amount of information to business-oriented individuals, it gave so much information about two of the most competitive companies throughout history; the paper illustrated the history of the two main soft drink companies and also talked about other companies that entered the industry. The irony is Pepsi and Coca-Cola were invented by pharmacists who are supposed to prescribe drugs to people and not give them beverages with high amounts of sugar and artificial tastes, the case explained how Pepsi and Coke changed people’s views of a beverage when the companies invented carbonated soda beverages. The paper explained in details the huge cola advertising war that started in the 1980s between the rival Coca-Cola and PepsiCo that caused a big revolution in the beverage industry and incentivized new companies to enter the industry and produce beverages with different flavors. The case explained the positioning of the two companies and showed the difference in the brand value of the companies. The case was great also in giving the comparative analysis between the two companies, giving the different products other than the main product that was first manufactured by the companies. The case also showed us how the companies implemented different strategies to increase revenues and to increase market share and gain the most competitive advantage. Pepsi vs. Coca-Cola SWOT analysis Strength: *Pepsi: Very Innovative, the broad portfolio of products, more flexible franchise network, aggressive marketing strategy. *Coca-Cola: One of the most valuable brands in the world, largest market share in the soft drink industry, and great customer loyalty Weakness: *Pepsi: Competition with Coke, higher prices than Coke, and lower net profit margin than Coca-Cola *Coca-Cola: Competition with Pepsi, relies on soft drinks, and lacks diversification Opportunities: *Pepsi: International expansion and growth in the bottled water industry *Coca-Cola: Reduce costs and increased demand for bottled water Threats: *Pepsi: Increased marketing campaigns by Coke and restrictions to sell in certain countries because Coke has control on them *Coca-Cola: Strong local brands in some countries and negative publicity Michael Porter’s 5 Forces on Pepsi and Coca-Cola Knowing that Pepsi and Coca-Cola have standardized products, I won’t need to talk about every company alone. The intensity of Rivalry between Competitors: Pepsi and Coke are historical competitors, in the 1980s; the rivalry between them was very ferocious, and the cola war occurred at that period of time to show which companies’ products taste better. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers have no power over Pepsi or Coca-Cola, it is very easy and cheap to buy all the ingredients to manufacture soft drinks, in fact, the competition between Pepsi and Coca-Cola’s suppliers is really strong because of the great and presence of all the material. In my opinion, Pepsi and Coca-Cola have power over their suppliers; this helps them in decreasing their costs a lot. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The power of buyers in the case of Coca-Cola and Pepsi is high, because the switching cost is low or even the same depending on the geographical segment; both companies try their best to gain customer loyalty, but Coke does it better by playing on its customers’ emotions in its advertisements. The threat of New Entrants: This force is low, the soft drink industry is very competitive if a possible new product enters the market, and it would be really expensive and hard to position in the very strong industry. Threat of Substitutes: This force is high, especially because of health trends that hit the community from time to time, bottled water and juice companies are working hard in order to gain a competitive advantage over Pepsi and Coke by showing consumers the bad effects and obesity that this soda beverage can cause to our health, this is causing a change Pepsi and Coca-Cola’s strategies and making them introduce diet beverages as mentioned in the case, or even causing the Pepsi and Coca-Cola to buy big companies that produce healthy beverages; as an example, Pepsi bought Aquafina in order to have an advantage over the competitor.

Surgical Instruments

Surgery has been performed since ancient times. The earliest recorded surgical operations were circumcision and trepanation. (Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin of the penis. Trepanation involves making a hole in the skull to relieve pressure and/or release spirits. ) The earliest instruments used in these procedures were flint or obsidian (shiny stone) knives and saws. Stone Age skulls from around the world have been found with holes in them from trepanning. Primitive people also used knives to cut off fingers damaged in accidents. The ancient Hindus of India excelled at surgery. The great surgical textbook, Sushruta Samhita, probably dates back to the last centuries B. C. This work described 20 sharp and 101 blunt surgical instruments. These instruments included forceps, pincers, trocars (sharp-pointed instruments fitted with a small tube), and cauteries (irons to heat and sear tissue). Most of these surgical tools were made of steel. The ancient Hindus also used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. At about the same time, ancient Peruvians were performing trepanation. They left behind various surgical instruments, including scalpels and chisels made of obsidian. The Greeks practiced surgery mostly on external parts of the body. They usually used forceps, knives, and probes. Bronze Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii include a scalpel with a steel blade, spring and scissor forceps, a sharp hook, and shears. In the first century A. D. , Cel-cus A tray of modern surgical instruments. The ancient Hindus used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. described the use of ligatures. Ligatures are used to tie off blood vessels and reduce bleeding during operations. Galen ( A. D. 130-200) gave detailed and sensible instructions on the use of surgical instruments. After ancient times, medical knowledge declined, and surgeons fell to a lowly status. In the absence of knowledge about antiseptics, surgery was highly risky. As a result, only the simplest and most urgent operations (such as amputations) using the most straightforward instruments were performed. A few physicians sought to spread knowledge of surgical procedures by publishing texts that illustrated surgical instruments. Most important among these men was the great French surgeon Ambroise Pare (1517-1590). Pare revived use of ligature and invented many surgical procedures and instruments. His inventions included the â€Å"crow's beak† to hold blood vessels while tying them off. Pare also perfected an instrument for cataract removal. Other types of surgical instruments are: Payr’s Crushing Clamp: This is the heavy instrument with double lever system, it has two blades with uniform serrations, used to perform Gastrectomy. Aneurysm Needle: This is the long instrument with an EYE at one end, it was used to ligate the feeding artery in an aneurysm, during venesection, silk suture can be threaded within eye passed around to ligate it. Right Angled Forcep: Also known as Lahey’s Forcep, it is used to ligate major vascular pedicles like superior thyroid pedicle in thyroidectomy, cystic artery in cholecystectomy and lumbar veins in lumbar sympathectomy. Czerny Retractor: This is a double hooked retractor on one side and single blade on other side, this is a superficial retractor, used to retract layers of abdominal walls and muscles during appendicectomy, herniorrhapy, or thyroidectomy. Lagenback retractor: It has a single blade, function it’s similar to Czerny Retractor. Deaver’s Retractor: It is used to retract liver during vagotomy, cholecystectomy, Gastrectomy, also used to retract kidney and urinary bladder. Allis Tissue holding forcep: It has a ratched and triangular expansion at tip, where serrations are present, it is used to hold tough structures like fascia, aponeurosis, can also be used to hold duodenum during Gastrectomy. Throughout time surgical instruments have changed now we sterilize the instruments and they are much more safer than the once in ancient history. Technology has evolved and keeps evolving new instruments will be created always.

Maritas Bargain Essay

Marita’s Bargain to be Success In this essay I am going to discuss the topic about to become a success Marita’s bargain by Malcolm Gladwell. Malcolm Gladwell talk about a young twelve years old Hispanic girl named Marita who come from a poverty stricken community single parent family at home in the New York city from the Bronx who has been deprived the opportunity for a better education from low income minority settings surrounding her. In addition Gladwell also talks about how Marita was given an opportunity to attend a KIPP school making a life changing sacrifice and more advantage of it. KIPP is that kind of school who stands for knowledge is power program, a learning academy helping low income family kids educate themselves through hard work, effort, more practice, dedication their time, weekend studies and also long term of schooling unlike those in the low income neighborhoods. Marita’s family could not give her or help her what she needed, so what does equ ality exist in the U.S? According to Malcolm Gladwell KIPP schools were designed to help educate low income family children to better their skill in reading, writing and mathematics. The KIPP schools would be inconvenient for kids without transportation weekend school that kids was not accustomed to summer vacation would be shortened for the kids educational development keeping their minds growing while others was out of school during that time. I think student not having a fair share at equal opportunity in the school system shows that their is no equality within U.S, we not asking to take away from the affected areas. From my opinion Jonathan Kozol would say to Gladwell about Marita needed to go to the KIPP School cause of she needs to get a better education system who comes from low income and uneducated family  background. To be a success of a student firstly he or she needs a big support from school. KIPP is that kind of school where students can learn feel free. They take care of their students specially who are weak in reading, writing and mathematics. KIPP shows students correct path and dedicate their knowledge, time to give them a better education by shortened summer vacation become success of a student in his student life to get a better educate. Marita’s mom was like that parent who asked everyday her daughter after coming back from school. Would be Kozol knew it that’s why he recommended Marita needs to go to KIPP for a better educate. On the other hand I would like to say from my concept about according to Prudence L. Carter would say to Malcolm Gladwell that Marita needed to go to KIPP school and to shed parts of her cultural identity because the KIPP is stablished in the poor neighborhood and most of the students are from the same neighborhood who are poor as well by so many ways. As like as low income family, single parent, uneducated environment, identical contingency etceteras etceteras. â€Å"Marita has had to do the same because the cultural legacy she had been given does not match her circumstance either- not when middle- and upper-middle-class families are using weekends and summer vacation to push their children ahead. Her community does not give her what she needs† the story of success by Gladwell (266). I would like to say specially the reason of above for what she needs to go to KIPP. Because KIPP is that kind of school to be a success of Marita what she needs KIPP can give her. The KIPPâ€℠¢s intention or aim is to make their students skilled and success in reading, writing and also in mathematics. According to Gladwell, I think it is kind of necessary someone be forced to shed their cultural identity in order to receive a great education. For example, the U.S commissioner of education published a report by Edward Jarvis on the â€Å"Relation of Education to Insanity† (253). I would like to say here relation of a light to darkness. If there is no darkness the light is valueless. I mean light only need when the dark is present. As like as the same relation to each other cultural identity to get a great education. A child grow up in a culture and he or she learn a lot from here about good- bad, their relation with other, their circumstance,  family status in the society, their identity and so on. A culture is the source of knowledge so it is very important to a child for his or her future life what depend on also to get a better education too. Here from my opinion also according to Malcolm Gladell everybody must have access to great education, one that prepares them for college and allows them to go to school near their homes in order to maintain a sense of their family and cultural identity. For example, specially their mental circumstance in the school. Because of the students known their city where the grown up and can show their friends the cool places. They do not have to worry about new places, new friends, environments and so on. Also unknown places has different identity than the home town. The students feel absence their family, friends, assist when the get sick etceteras. If the students live with their family in their home city whatever they need to get a big support and also get motivate from behind to do better and get a great education to the school a family and cultural identity can make them skillful and can over come any problem to conquer success. At last, I am very sure that dealing with this issue is really hard especially under this circumstance who grown up and try to be success in their life. The perfect environment is the priority advantage to become success and can give us necessary instruments in perfect time whenever we need to get better education. Not only that to become a successful in life every student hove to hard work, over efforting, dedicate their time, focus on the work, punctuality and so on then success truly comes.

How can international students' English level affect their use of Essay

How can international students' English level affect their use of social media in the process of choosing universities - Essay Example The researcher used both the questionnaires and oral interview methods to adequately collect primary data from the respondents. A section of the questionnaires was emailed to the respondents and others were administered directly by the researcher. The questionnaires incorporated the use of both the closed and open ended questions. The open ended questions are significant in a research study for they give the respondent a room to respond to give more information left out by the researcher when he or she was designing the questionnaire (Reja et.al, 2003, p. 160-167). The questionnaires used a five Likert scale with items; strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree or disagree, agree and strongly agree. Before the interviews were conducted and before the questionnaires were sent to the sample population, the researcher sought permission from the respective university managements to authorize him to collect data from the sample population. A pilot study was conducted by the researcher prior the administration of the questionnaires on at least 5 respondents. This was to test for the validity and reliability of the questionnaires that were used in the study. According to Ceswell et.al (2010, p. 32), 10 percent of the sample is to constitute the pilot test or the pilot study-rule of thumb. Also, there were no ethical concerns raised by the respondents both in the time of conducting the interviews and filling in of the questionnaires. Further, the participation of the respondents in the study was plainly voluntary. No respondent was forced to participate in the study at any circumstance. Although both the target and the sample populations incorporated UK and non UK students, the research study was mainly targeting the international university students pursuing studies in the UK. This is because these students have a better understanding of the researcher’s

Intertextuality In Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intertextuality In Films - Essay Example The basic concept of intertextuality is that no text, much as it might like to appear so, is original and unique in itself. It is very useful concept; some might also say it is essential for literary studies. generally it is concerned with the cultural sign system. Intertextuality frequently occurs in popular media such as television shows, movies and even interactive video games. In these , intertextuality is often used to provide depth to the fictional reality portrayed in the medium, such as characters in one television show mentioning characters from another.intertextuality was first proposed by Julia Kristeva . According to her a single text that can consists of many texts or it is act of changing one set of sign into another. the use of intertextuality is perhaps the most useful and essential method of ensuring a successful show or film in today’s marketplace. as there are many source of entertainment available in today’s life apart from films, it is very useful f or modern and new directors to attract a particular audience. many directors and film makers refer to previous and old books, novels ,songs, history or remake many popular films, because the audience get familiar with the next story they see hear or read will remind them of some thing they have already experienced.

Best practices in Critical Thinking and Decision Making Essay

Best practices in Critical Thinking and Decision Making - Essay Example It involves gathering of information, analysis, evaluation and application of the information obtained in the process of critical thinking, and finally arriving at a final decision. According to Carter (1973), â€Å"Critical thinking is thinking that proceeds on the basis of careful evaluation of premises and evidence and comes to conclusions as objectively as possible through the consideration of all pertinent factors and the use of valid procedures from logic.† Decision-making is a process where the individual arrives at a solution to a given problem by evaluating information. A decision can be arrived at through analysis, discussions and debates. A review of the process of critical thinking and decision making makes it clear that a quality decision cannot be arrived at without critical thinking. In the absence of critical thinking, entire details of a situation may not be available and the best solution may be hard to find. Decision making involves balancing of quantitative and qualitative data and using our judgment to make the right choice. It is here that critical thinking helps. Critical thinking puts our knowledge of a particular situation or problem into a proper perspective. It helps us to understand the subject by filling the gaps in information and revealing the significance of the assumptions we have made about the subject. When there are many options available to us it is difficult to choose. A final and informed decision can be arrived at when we have a full understanding of the subject. Critical thinking helps you to do just that by providing us with the consequences and implications of various options. Critical thinkers use the power of reasoning to dissect complex problems and make things simple. Critical thinking contributes towards avoiding mistakes and making one aware of opportunities available. Critical thinking requires practice. It is not mere thinking. To be a